Glossary of Vacuum Cleaner Terms

ABS Plastics

Acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene plastics are used extensively in the molding of vacuum cleaner cases and trim parts. It is an economical plastic which is lightweight but strong and resists stains and chemicals. See also our article on External Structure Materials & Durability

Activated Charcoal

Charcoal from which most of the impurities have been removed. It is made by treating ordinary charcoal with steam and air heated to above 600 degrees Fahrenheit. It is the best adsorbent since its many empty spaces give it a large internal surface to hold particles.

Agitation

The process of moving in a rapid and violent manner. Carpet is usually agitated by the brushes and sometimes a beater bar on the revolving brush roll in a vacuum cleaner. See also our article on the Effects of Brushing Action.

Air Flow

The movement of air from one location to another. In a vacuum cleaner, it generally refers to the movement of air through the vacuum cleaner or central vacuum system and is measured in cubic feet per minute (C.F.M.). It is one of the most important aspects of vacuum cleaner performance. Air flow in a vacuum cleaner is inversely proportional to the total resistance within the system and directly proportional to the suction created by the suction motor. For additional information, see our article on Air Flow through the System.

Air Pressure

The pressure of atmospheric or compressed air. At sea level, atmospheric pressure is 1,013.2 millibars or 14.69 pounds per square inch. A vacuum cleaner's suction motor reduces the air pressure in order to create air flow. See also our article on Fan or Impeller Types & Performance.

Air Watts

A specification developed in an effort to rate the output power of the vacuum cleaner instead of its input power. It is based on suction with air flow as measured at the vacuum cleaner inlet. See also our article on the Power of the Suction Motor.

Allergen Filtration Bags

A special name Hoover gives to their high filtration bags. They are also known as MicroFiltration dustbags. According to Hoover, this dustbag "Traps 99% of particles down to 5 microns! Filters a wide range of airborne particles including many pollens, spores, other allergens and dust mites. Ideal for many with dust related or allergic discomforts. Electrostatically charged liner enhances the capture of extremely fine particles." For more information, see Bag Performance and Filtration Efficiency.

Amperage (Amps)

The strength of an electric current flowing through a wire or other electrical conductor expressed in amperes (amps). One ampere of current will flow through a conductor having one ohm of resistance when a potential of one volt is applied to it. Vacuum cleaners are often rated by the amount of amperage drawn from the electrical outlet which flows through them. The maximum permitted for UL Approval is 12 Amps. See also our articles on the Power of the Suction Motor and Efficiency and Performance Ratings.

Armature

An armature is made of a laminated steel core which is wound with copper enamel-insulated wire. The windings are attached to a copper commutator near one end of the armature. It can be considered the heart of a motor since it is the armature's rotation, motivated by electrically created magnetic fields within the motor, that converts electrical energy into mechanical energy. See also our article on the Suction Motor Design & Operation.

Bakelite

Bakelite is an important thermosetting resin made from phenol and formaldehyde which can be injection molded to make parts which are resistant to heat, chemicals and moisture. See also our article on External Structure Materials & Durability.

Ball Bearing

A low friction type of bearing in which round steel balls rotate between a spinning inner race (small steel ring with a rounded grove on it's outer surface) and a stationary outer race (larger steel ring with a rounded grove on it's inner surface). The sides often have shield or seal rings to retain the grease and keep the bearing as clean as possible.

Beater Bar

A long rigid bar or raised area on a revolving brush roll which pushes the carpet away from the roll, creating a rapid beating action. Stiff bristles on a brush roll can have a similar effect.

Beating Action

The rapid hitting action caused by a beater bar or stiff bristles on a brush roll. The effect of this is to help work the dirt and grit toward the top of the carpet.

Brush Roll

The brush roll is the part of a vacuum cleaner which contains rows of bristles and sometimes beater bars to agitate the carpet in order to significantly aid in the removal of dirt from it. While often being in the shape of a cylinder, some are contoured, being more like an auger in appearance. It is mounted in the nozzle by its ends and contains bearings which allow it to be rotated at a high speed by the brush motor or turbine. Most vacuum cleaners use the same motor to create the suction and rotate the brush roll.

Brushing Action

The act of brushing a carpet's fibers, often by a revolving brush roll. This is a significant part of the agitation process performed by an upright or power nozzle, effectively removing dirt from the carpets.

Bypass Cooling

A type of motor cooling design which incorporates a separate air flow through the motor to cool it. The main air flow, which picks up the dirt, travels through the suction fan or fans but bypasses the motor itself. This prevents residual dirt or moisture in the main air flow from coming in contact with the armature, field, carbon brushes, etc. Bypass cooling is always incorporated in wet/dry vacuum cleaners as well as the traditional "dirty air" uprights. A motor is either a bypass cooled type or a flow through (FlowThru) cooled type.

C.F.M.

Represents Cubic Feet per Minute. The specification typically used to indicate the amount of air flow which will pass through a clean vacuum cleaner power unit when running by itself. When rating the main power unit of a central vacuum system, it is normally measured at the 2" opening where the 2" piping will be attached. See also Air Flow.

Canister Type

The type of vacuum cleaner that houses the suction motor and filtering system in a somewhat square or rectangular container. Typically incorporating a "clean-air" system, they are known for producing strong suction for use with the attachments. When a power nozzle is part of the system it is often referred to as a "power team." A canister type vacuum cleaner usually contains wheels which allow it to be pulled after the user by its hose. See also our article on the Standard Canister type.

Central Vacuum System

A stationary type of canister vacuum cleaner which is usually mounted in the basement or garage. Being stationary, the units usually have larger and more powerful motors than those that can be used in the portable vacuum cleaners. Hose inlets are mounted in the walls and 2" PVC pipe is installed to carry the dirt laden air to the central power unit. A special 30' long hose allows the user to conveniently reach into every part of the house to effectively clean it. Performance in central systems is greatly enhances by the use of a power nozzle containing a motor driven revolving brush roll to deep clean carpets. These systems are often highly recommended by allergists since the main air flow is typically exhausted outside the house, preventing the recirculation of fine dust and allergens within the house. For examples of excellent systems, see our list of Ristenbatt Vacuum's Preferred Models. See also our article on the Central Vacuum System.

Clean-Air Design

A vacuum cleaner design in which the air flow which picks up the dirt is cleaned by the filtering system before it passes through the fan or fans of the suction motor. This design eliminates fan breakage problems which can be caused when objects are picked up by a dirty-air system. Also, it typically produces significantly more suction, especially when a hose and attachments are used. See also our articles on Fan or Impeller Types & Performance and the "Clean-Air" Upright type of vacuum cleaner.

Cleaning Effectiveness

There are two different ways of viewing cleaning effectiveness. The most common use has to do with the ability of a vacuum cleaner to pick up dirt from the surface being cleaned. The other has to do with the ability of the filtering system to clean the air so a minimum amount of dirt and allergens is recirculated back into the home.

Cleaning Performance Rating

Hoover defines their Cleaning Perfomance Rating as follows: "This Hoover Cleaning Performance System is for comparing the Relative Progressive Performance of Hoover uprights only and not for comparison with any other brands. The majority of this rating is based upon the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) carpet cleaning effectiveness testing (ASTM Test F608). Other performace factors include hose power (ASTM Test F558), surface litter cleaning, hard floor cleaning, edge cleaning, cleaning width and air filtration." For additional information on Hoover ratings, see our article on Hoover's Efficiency and Performance Ratings.

Commutator

A commutator is the part of an armature which has individual bars of copper which are positioned in the shape of a drum. The motor brushes are held against the commutator in order to carry the electrical current to the armature windings which are connected to it.

Current

Electrically speaking, the flow of electrical charges through a wire or conductor. Usually rated as amperage (amps).

Cyclonic

Relative to filtration systems, cyclonic systems separate the dust particles from the air flow by spinning the air within a separation chamber. The spinning causes centrifugal force to act upon the dust particles, moving them outward while the air exits from the inner part of the chamber. Some cleaners use multiple chambers and most cleaners add filters to increase the total system filtration efficiency.

Direct Air System

A vacuum cleaner design in which the air flow which picked up the dirt passes directly through the fan of the suction motor and into the bag. While usually not producing as much suction for use with attachments, this design often will produce more air flow when working with large openings and short air flow distances. This is another name for a system using the Dirty-Air or traditional upright design.

Dirty-Air Design

A vacuum cleaner design in which the air flow which picked up the dirt passes through the fan of the suction motor before it is cleaned by the filtering system. An upright with this design can also be said to use the Traditional Upright Design since most uprights used this design since their inception. While usually not producing as much suction for use with attachments, this design often will produce more air flow when working with large openings and short air flow distances. Therefore, this design in an upright usually performs well when cleaning carpets. See also our articles on Fan or Impeller Types & Performance and the Traditional Upright type of vacuum cleaner.

Edge Brushing

On many newer power nozzles and uprights, the brush roll is designed so that its bristles reach fairly close to the edges of the nozzle to enable brushing very close to the carpet's edges. Dual edge brushing (both sides) can be obtained by running the belt either in the center of the roll or a few inches from one end instead of at the very end of the roll.

Efficiency Rating

There are two completely different ways to rate the efficiency of a vacuum cleaner. The most important way of stating the efficiency has to do with rating how well a vacuum cleaner filters the air to remove dust and allergens. The HEPA and ULPA specifications use this type of rating. The other way of viewing the efficiency rating has to do with stating the cleaning effectiveness relative to the amount of power being used to produce it. A great deal of confusion existed a few years ago as a result of an efficiency rating which The Hoover Company used as described in our article on Hoover's Efficiency and Performance Ratings.

Electric Hoses

A special type of vacuum cleaner hose which has internal wires which carry the electrical current which runs the power nozzle's motor. Often these same wires are used to reinforce the hose but not always as in the case of crushresistant hoses.

Electrostatic Filter

A type of filter media consisting of very fine synthetic fibers on which a static electric charge builds as air passes through them. This charge attracts even the smallest of dust and allergen particles, aiding the filter in retaining them. See also our article on Filtration Efficiency - HEPA, ULPA, etc.

Fan

The fan or impeller is the disk shaped structure with fins that creates the actual suction in a vacuum cleaner. For more information, see our article on Fan or Impeller Types & Performance.

Field

Relative to a vacuum cleaner motor, the field consists of a laminated iron frame on which one or two coils of copper wire are wound. It is shaped so that it wraps around the core of the armature on two opposite sides. The flow of electrical current through the coils creates a magnetic field which interacts with the magnetic fields created by the coils on the armature to cause the armature to rotate. For more information, see our article on Suction Motor Design & Operation.

Filteraire Bags

A special name Eureka gives to their high filtration dustbags. According to Eureka, "The Micron Filter System retains up to 100% of dust mites, grass and ragweed pollen plus particles 15 times smaller than the diameter of a human hair. Filteraire® bags filter 5 times better than standard dust bags." For more information, see Dustbag Performance and Filtration Efficiency.

Filtration Efficiency

The percentage of particles retained by the filter as air passing through it. The size of the particles is typically specified since the filtering efficiency increases as particle size increases. See also our article on Filtration Efficiency - HEPA, ULPA, etc.

Filtration System

The system through which air passes to have particles removed from it. It typically consists of a series of filters made from various filter media. Various components which can be used in filtering systems include paper bags, nylon electrostatic filters, glass fiber paper filters, cloth or foam filters, cyclonic chambers, and even water. See also our article on Filtration Efficiency - HEPA, ULPA, etc.

Flow-Thru Cooled

The suction motor design where the air flow which picked up the dirt travels through both the suction fans and the actual motor itself to cool it. This type of motor can only be used in vacuum cleaners which incorporate the "clean air" design so that very little residual dust is present in the main air flow.

Genuine

When used relative to supplies or parts, this term indicates that the item was manufactured or marketed by the same company that manufactured the product in which it is used. This manufacturer is often called the Original Equipment Manufacturer (OEM). See Genuine vs. Generic Dustbags for the importance of using dustbags marketed by the OEM.

Graduated Filtration

A filtering system wherein each filter in the series of filters is designed to remove particles which are smaller then the previous filter. This enhances air flow and extends the filter media's effective life span. See also our article on Filtration Efficiency - HEPA, ULPA, etc.

HEPA

HEPA (High Efficiency Particulate Air) is a filtering efficiency specification for filters developed by the Atomic Energy Commission during World War II to effectively remove radioactive dust from plant exhausts without redistribution. A HEPA filter must be capable of capturing 99.97% of all particles as small as 0.3µm (micrometers - formerly microns) in size from the air which flows through it. The phrase "as small as" means that if all particles were that small, it would still have that efficiency. This should not be confused with the phrase "down to" which may mean a mixture of particle sizes for the stated efficiency. Please see also "Can HEPA or S-Class Filtered Household Vacuums Safely Retain Anthrax?" for an answer to this important question.

Certified HEPA filters, like those used by Miele and Lindhaus, are tested and marked with a certification number which gives the user the assurance that the HEPA specification efficiency is actually being achived by the filter. The HEPA acronym is used primarilly in the USA whereas Europeans often refer to the same filter as an S-Class filter. This indicates that the filter meets stringent standards like the British Standard 5415 and German norm: DIN 2418B Ti-E EU 13 for filtration performance. See also our article on Filtration Efficiency - HEPA, ULPA, etc.

HEPA Type

A type of filter or paper bag which uses similar construction or fibers to that used in a true HEPA filter. Some are thick filter pads which actually meet the stringent HEPA filtration specification. While being a significant improvement over regular filters, the vacuum that uses it may not have a completely sealed filtration system so there is no guarantee that the stringent HEPA specification will be met by it. Manufacturers who use Certified HEPA filters tend to consider any non-certified HEPA filter to be a "HEPA Type" filter. See also our article on Filtration Efficiency - HEPA, ULPA, etc.

HEPA Type Bags

A special name Royal gives to their highest filtration dustbags. According to Royal, their HEPA Type dustbag is "Lined with Electrostatically charged fibers. Fine dust and pollen particles are trapped to keep the air returning to your room 99.9% 'Fresh'. Ideal for Allergy Suffers. HEPA is an acronym for High Efficiency Particle Arrestance and describes a special type of extended surface, deep bedded, randomly positioned fibrous material media." HEPA Type dustbags and filters often do not meet the stringent HEPA specification. For more information, see Dustbag Performance and Filtration Efficiency.

Hoover Filtrete™ HEPA Bags

A special name Hoover gives to their highest filtration bags. They are constructed with Filtrete™ filter media. According to Hoover, this bag "Traps 99.97% of all particles down to 0.3 microns. The Filtrete™ HEPA Bag has a triple layer of material that traps many allergens, such as dust mites and their eggs, ragweed and common grass pollens." Filtrete™ is trade mark and product by 3M. For more information, see Bag Performance and Filtration Efficiency.

Inertia

The tendency of matter to remain stationary if not moving or to keep moving in the same direction if not stationary. Inertia is what causes the air in a fan to move outward as it spins since it tries to move in a straight line.

IntensiveClean Plus Bags

A special name Miele gives to their high filtration dustbags. Miele states "First and foremost, the unique new material which composes IntensiveClean Plus dustbags has made significant progress in the quality of filtration: Thanks to its intricate web of three-ply random-spun polymer fibers, far more tiny particles and allergens are retained than with conventional paper bags. This alone accounts for a reduction in dust emissions from the dustbag of up to 50%, based on levels which were already extremely low." For more information, see Dustbag Performance and Filtration Efficiency.

Lexan

Lexan is GE's registered trademark for a particular polycarbonate resin. For more information, see our article on External Structure Materials & Durability or General Electric's articles on GE Plastics and Designing with LEXAN Resin.

Load

Relative to a vacuum cleaner, the object (mass) or device to which the power of the electric motor or turbine is delivered. The forces applied by the power of the brush motor or turbine enable the brush roll to revolve, its brushes and beater bars moving the carpet fibers. The forces applied by the power of the suction motor enable the fans to spin, moving the air that is entering them. For more information, see The Load to the Suction Motor in our article on Suction Motor Design & Operation.

Mach

A number representing the ratio of the speed of an object to the speed of sound in the medium throught which it is traveling (ie. - through air). Someone at The Hoover Company got the lofty idea to use "MACH" numbers to represent how many deluxe features are on their various WindTunnel upright models. This rating has nothing to do with power ratings nor cleaning performance since all Hoover WindTunnel uprights are rated at 12 Amps. See also our article on the Power of the Suction Motor.

Magnetic Field

The area near a current-carrying conductor or a magnetic object in which the forces due to the magnetic object or current can be detected. The strength of magnetic fields are increased by wrapping the conductor (typically an enamel insulated wire) around a soft iron object. This is done in the construction of the armatures and fields used in vacuum cleaner motors.

MicroFiltration Bags

A special name Hoover gives to their high filtration dustbags. They are also known as Allergen Filtration dustbags. According to Hoover, this dustbag "Traps 99% of particles down to 5 microns! Filters a wide range of airborne particles including many pollens, spores, other allergens and dust mites. Ideal for many with dust related or allergic discomforts. Electrostatically charged liner enhances the capture of extremely fine particles." For more information, see Dustbag Performance and Filtration Efficiency.

MicroFresh Bags

A special name Royal gives to their high filtration dustbags. According to Royal, these paper bags are "Ideal for allergy suffers. Cleans the air so it's over 99% particle free. Electrostatically charged fibers retain dust and pollen down to 0.1 micron in size." For more information, see Dustbag Performance and Filtration Efficiency.

Micrometer (µm)

A unit of measure equal to 1/1,000,000 meter (10^-6 meter). To put this into perspective, the diameter of a human hair is typically 80 to 100 micrometers. According to the National Institute of Standards and Technology (formerly known as the National Bureau of Standards) as stated in their Metric Style Guide this term should be used instead of the obsolete term micron.

Micron

A unit of measure equal to 1/1,000,000 meter (about 1/25,000 inch). To put this into perspective, the diameter of a human hair is typically 80 to 100 microns. While this term is often used for specifying particle sizes for the HEPA and ULPA filtration specifications, it is actually considered obsolete by the National Institute of Standards and Technology (formerly known as the National Bureau of Standards) as stated in their Metric Style Guide. The more proper term for this unit of measure is micrometer (µm).

Micron Bags

A special name Panasonic gives to their high filtration dustbags. According to Panasonic, their bags have a "Total Efficiency of 99.9% at five microns. Can even trap some particles as small as 0.1 microns." For more information, see Dustbag Performance and Filtration Efficiency.

Micron Filter

This type of filter gets its name from its ability to trap micron (micrometer) size particles at a very high efficiency rate. Its filter media consists of very fine synthetic fibers on which a static electric charge builds as air passes through them. This charge attracts even the smallest of dust and allergen particles, aiding the filter in retaining them. See also our article on Filtration Efficiency - HEPA, ULPA, etc.

Milibar (mbar)

A unit of measurement typically used in the USA to report atmospheric pressure. A newer term for millibars used by US scientists and the rest of the world is hectopascals (hPa). You may see the suction of a European vacuum cleaner rated in millibars. To convert from millibars to inches of mercury, multiply it by 0.02953. Since mercury has a specific gravity of 13.546, you then need to multiply the inches of mercury by 13.546 to get inches of water lift. Alternately, you can simply multiply millibars by 0.4 to get inches of water lift.

Motor Brushes

In a vacuum cleaner motor, the motor brushes are carbon rods which are held against the commutator in order to carry the electrical current to the windings on the armature. They are often called "carbon brushes" as well. See also our article on Suction Motor Design & Operation.

Nylon

Nylon is one of the toughest, strongest and most elastic substances. The discovery of nylon in 1935 by Wallace H. Carothers, while working at the E. I. du Pont de Nemours & Company (now Du Pont), is considered one of the most important chemical discoveries in history. See also our article on External Structure Materials & Durability.

OEM

When used relative to supplies or parts, this acronym means "Original Equipment Manufacturer" and indicates that the item was manufactured or marketed by the same company that manufactured the product in which it is used. When this is true, the product is often said to be "Genuine." See Genuine vs. Generic Dustbags for the importance of using dustbags marketed by the OEM.

Package Yield

Typical number of washes at the recommended quantity for good washing performance and economical use of detergent. This amount is for full, normally-soiled loads in areas with normal water hardness. Please adjust if the load is smaller or more or less soiled than normal. If you live in an area with hard water, increase the amount of detergent used. Please use the package yield as a guideline only. The amount of detergent that suits your needs best is determined by your satisfaction with the wash results. See our page of Henkel Products for detergents, etc. imported into the USA by Miele, Inc.

Paper Bag

The paper bag in a vacuum cleaner consists of an special paper enclosure into which the dirt and air are directed as part of the filtering system. The paper used is specially processed to permit the air to pass through it while retaining as much of the dust and dirt as possible. See also our article on Efficiency of Paper Bags.

Peak Horse Power

An exaggerated rating of the output of a vacuum cleaner suction motor measuring the horse power using the formula which is based on torque per second. See also Peak Horse Power in our article on the Power of the Suction Motor.

Polycarbonate

An extremely tough and strong synthetic plastic with the ability to maintain its shape and size even under great stresses over a wide range of temperatures. It is an ideal engineering plastic since it can be injection molded, blow molded, or extruded. See also our article on External Structure Materials & Durability

Polymerization

The process by which small molecules called monomers are linked to form giant long-chain molecules called polymers. For more information, see our article on External Structure Materials & Durability.

Polystyrene

Polystyrene is an ideal injection molding plastic which is hard, extremely transparent and a good insulator. It was first marketed by the Dow Chemical Company in 1937. See also our article on External Structure Materials & Durability.

Power

Relative to vacuum cleaners, the physical or mechanical force or energy that is applied to the load. Typically the electrical power is transferred from the household electrical outlet to the electric motor where it is converted to mechanical power. The mechanical power is then transferred to the load of the brush roll or fan. When a turbine is used to drive a brush roll, it actually removes the power it applies from the air flow, reducing the velocity of the air flowing through the system. See also our article on the Power of the Suction Motor.

Power Nozzle

A special attachment for deep cleaning carpets. It incorporates a revolving brush roll similar to that used in the upright type of vacuum cleaner and an electric motor to drive it. When using a power nozzle, the electric motor actually adds power to the cleaning system. A power nozzle should not be confused with a turbine nozzle. When a turbine is used instead of an electric motor, the power to drive the brush roll is actually removed from the air flow, reducing the velocity of the air flow through the system.

Power Team Type

The type of vacuum cleaner that teams a canister type vacuum cleaner with a motorized power nozzle. The powerful brushing action of the power nozzle, combined with the strong suction of the clean-air suction motor, enables a power team to perform very well deep cleaning carpets as well as cleaning all other types of surfaces. For examples of excellent power teams, see our list of Ristenbatt Vacuum's Preferred Models. See also our article on the Two-Motor Power Team type of vacuum cleaner.

Resistance

Relative to the air flow in a vacuum cleaner or electrical current flow in a wire, the opposition offered to the passage of air or electric through it. Resistance to air flow is present in a number of ways in a vacuum cleaner system. When cleaning carpets, the air flow is opposed by the carpet fibers. Air turbulence within a hose slightly opposes the air flow. Filtering media opposes the air flow since the air must flow around its fibers. Additional opposition builds as filter media becomes partially blocked by dirt particles. This is most noticeable as a paper bag fills with dirt. Opposition to air flow is even present within the suction motor and vacuum cleaner case since the air makes a number of sharp turns as it passes through them. Air flow in a vacuum cleaner is inversely proportional to the total resistance within the system and directly proportional to the suction created by the suction motor.

S-Class Filter

A designation used by Europeans to indicate that a filter meets stringent standards like the British Standard 5415 and German norm: DIN 2418B Ti-E EU 13 for filtration performance. It is essentually the same as the HEPA specification which states that a filter must be capable of capturing 99.97% of all particles as small as 0.3µm (micrometers - formerly microns) in size from the air which flows through it. The phrase "as small as" means that if all particles were that small, it would still have that efficiency. This should not be confused with the phrase "down to" which may mean a mixture of particle sizes for the stated efficiency. See also our article on Filtration Efficiency - HEPA, ULPA, etc.

Sealed Suction

The suction measured when there is no air flow through the suction motor. This is done by completely blocking the inlet of the motor or vacuum cleaner with the gauge. It is a measure of the potential developed when the motor is running at its maximum speed. Resistance to air flow within a system does not affect this measurement. For more information, see The Load to the Suction Motor in our article on Suction Motor Design & Operation and our article on the Power of the Suction Motor.

Sleeve Bearing

A type of bearing typically consisting of a piece of bronze with a hole into which a steel shaft is inserted. Some are porous and have oil saturated felt surrounding them to provide lubrication. The steel shaft can rotate freely within the hole with very little resistance. This type of bearing can operate quieter than a ball bearing but may not be as durable, especially at higher speeds experienced by suction motors. Sleeve bearings in brush rolls can be as durable as ball bearings due to the dirty environment in which they operate.

Sleeve bearings are used extensively as brush roll bearings and moderately as one of the bearings in suction and brush roll motors. They should never be lubricated with standard motor oil or household oil unless the manufacturer's instructions specify to do so. This action usually will cause a dirt buildup within the bearing, causing premature failure.

Suction

Used broadly, the ability of a vacuum cleaner to efficiently pick up dirt. When used in a more narrow way, it is the actual pull or pressure difference created by the spinning fans in the suction motor. The term suction is often used interchangeably with the term vacuum. Air flow in a vacuum cleaner is inversely proportional to the total resistance within the system and directly proportional to the suction created by the suction motor. See also our article on Fan or Impeller Types & Performance.

Suction Motor

The motor in a vacuum cleaner which drives the fans to create the suction. The fans and fan casings are usually installed by the manufacturer and considered an integral part of the suction motor. See also our articles on Suction Motor Design & Operation, Fan or Impeller Types & Performance and the Power of the Suction Motor.

Torque

A force that produces or tends to produce rotation on an axis. In an electric motor this is the force from the interaction of the magnetic fields produced by the flow of current through the armature and field coils. See also our articles on Suction Motor Design & Operation.

Traditional Upright

A vacuum cleaner design in which the air flow which picked up the dirt passes through the fan of the suction motor before it is cleaned by the filtering system. This designation is used since most uprights used this design since their inception. While usually not producing as much suction for use with attachments, this design often will produce more air flow when working with large openings and short air flow distances. Therefore, this design in an upright usually performs well when cleaning carpets. This type of system is also referred to as a Dirty-Air Design. See also our articles on Fan or Impeller Types & Performance and the Traditional Upright type of vacuum cleaner.

Turbine Nozzle

A special attachment for deep cleaning carpets. It incorporates a revolving brush roll similar to that used in the upright type of vacuum cleaner and an air driven turbine to drive it. A turbine nozzle should not be confused with a motorized power nozzle. When a turbine is used instead of an electric motor, the power to drive the brush roll is actually removed from the air flow, reducing the velocity of the air flow through the system. When using a power nozzle, the electric motor actually adds power to the cleaning system.

Twin Ply Microfiltration Bag

A special name Sharp gives to their high filtration dustbags. According to Sharp, "The highly efficient Twin Ply microfiltration dustbag traps over 99% of dust and dirt down to 5 microns. Twin Ply's electrostatically charged fibers capture fine dust particles for enhanced air filtration and cleaner air in your home." For more information, see Dustbag Performance and Filtration Efficiency.

ULPA

ULPA (Ultra Low Penetration Air) is a filtering efficiency specification for filters used in environments like pharmaceutical labs wherein the highest degree of clean air must be maintained. An ULPA filter must retain all particles as small as 0.12 µm (micrometers - formerly microns) in size at an efficiency rate of 99.999%. The phrase "as small as" means that if all particles were that small, it would still have that efficiency. This should not be confused with the phrase "down to" which may mean a mixture of particle sizes for the stated efficiency.

The Nilfisk Portable Dust Collector is an example of a commercial vacuum cleaner which can be equipped with a Certified ULPA filter. Due to its air tight seals, it actually meets the ULPA specification for net filtration. Certified ULPA filters, like those used by Nilfisk, are tested and marked with a certification number which gives the user the assurance that the ULPA specification is actually being achived by the filter. See also our article on Filtration Efficiency - HEPA, ULPA, etc.

Upright Type

A type of vacuum cleaner which is self-contained and has a handle extending vertically from its main case. Typically it contains a revolving brush roll for deep cleaning carpets. Many uprights also have on-board attachments for cleaning furniture and hard-to-reach corners although the suction with them usually isn't as strong as with the canister types. Being self-contained, uprights are pushed around in front of their users, eliminating the need to pull something behind them. For examples of excellent uprights, see our list of Ristenbatt Vacuum's Preferred Models.

Vacuum

A total vacuum is the absence of everything, even air. Vacuum cleaners actually create a partial vacuum, or more accurately, an area of reduced air pressure as air moves outward within the fan. Air flow is created as air with normal air pressure moves toward the area with the reduced air pressure. See also our article on Fan or Impeller Types & Performance.

Velocity of the Air Flow

The speed of the air at any specific location in the vacuum cleaner system. It is the force exerted by the moving air which actually picks up the dirt and moves it into the bag or dirt container.

Vinyl

Polyvinyl chloride, typically called vinyl or PVC, is a very versatile thermoplastic material. It is strong, easily colored and resists abrasion. It can be produced in a very soft form or a rigid form where it has one of the highest combinations of stiffness and impact strength. See also our article on External Structure Materials & Durability

Voltage (Volts)

Electric potential or potential difference, expressed in volts. It is the push and pull of the potential difference between two points which causes electrical current to flow through a wire or device which is connected across them. The voltage in a typical household electrical outlet ranges from 103 to 120 volts.

Water Lift

Relative to vacuum cleaners, water lift is a measurement of the strength of the vacuum produced by the suction motor. Suction gauges used on vacuum cleaners are calibrated in "Inches of Water Lift". This is equivalent to taking a vertical tube, placing the bottom in a container of water, attaching the vacuum cleaner hose at the top and measuring how high above the water surface the water in the tube rises. By the way, one cubic inch of water weighs 0.036 pounds so the negative pressure in pounds per square inch can be found by multiplying the water lift by 0.036. If you see suction rated in millibars (mbar), mulitply that number by 0.4 to convert it to inches of water lift.

Watt (Electrical)

A watt is a unit of measurement of electrical power equal to the rate of work performed by a current of one ampere produced by a potential of one volt. Also, one horsepower (actual, not peak horsepower) equals 746 watts. To find the power of vacuum cleaner motor in watts, simply multiply the amperage rating by the normal household voltage rating of 103 to 120 volts. See also our article on the Power of the Suction Motor.

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